commit 5099548df6f80d96099a3a96177036246b0c497e
Author: Christopher Antila <crantila(a)fedoraproject.org>
Date: Thu Aug 5 03:17:24 2010 -0400
Significant revision to Audacity and some to JACK configuration
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en-US/Revision_History.xml | 3 +-
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493 files changed, 233 insertions(+), 17667 deletions(-)
---
diff --git a/en-US/Audacity.xml b/en-US/Audacity.xml
index 6fbc009..0d9ba76 100644
--- a/en-US/Audacity.xml
+++ b/en-US/Audacity.xml
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
<para>
This method installs Audacity from the Fedora repository. This version of Audacity
does not use an MP3 library, and cannot process MP3 files.
<orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Use PackageKit or KPackageKit to install the
<code>audacity</code> package. Or in a terminal, run this command: [pre]su -c
'yum install audacity'[/pre].</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use PackageKit or KPackageKit to install the
<code>audacity</code> package.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The proposed installation includes Audacity and all of
the libraries that Audacity uses. Continue installing Audacity by reviewing and approving
the proposed installation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Audacity configures itself automatically, but it may not
use the configuration you want. You need to test Audacity before recording, so that you
know that it works. Follow the instructions in !!L!!here!!L!! to test
Audacity.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
<para>
This method installs Audacity from the RPM Fusion repository. This version of
Audacity uses an MP3 library, and can process MP3 files. The Fedora Project cannot
provide support for this version of Audacity because it is not prepared by Fedora.
<orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Run this command in a terminal: [pre]su -c 'yum
localinstall --nogpgcheck
http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable....
http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-s...
- <listitem><para>Use PackageKit or KPackageKit to install the
<code>audacity-freeworld</code> package. Or in a terminal, run this command:
[pre]su -c 'yum install audacity-freeworld'[/pre].</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Run this command in a terminal: <command>su -c
'yum localinstall --nogpgcheck
http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable....
http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-s...
+ <listitem><para>Use PackageKit or KPackageKit to install the
<code>audacity-freeworld</code> package.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The proposed installation includes Audacity and all of
the libraries that Audacity uses. Continue installing Audacity by reviewing and approving
the proposed installation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Audacity configures itself automatically, but it may not
use the configuration you want. You need to test Audacity before recording, so that you
know that it works. Follow the instructions in !!L!!here!!L!! to test
Audacity.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@
<procedure>
<step><para>Start Audacity.</para></step>
<step><para>Set the volume of your audio interface and speakers to a safe
level.</para></step>
- <step><para>Open the "Open File" window by clicking on
'File > Open'.</para></step>
- <step><para>Open the
<code>/usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav</code> file. This file is designed for
testing audio equipment.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu><guimenuitem>Open</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
to open the Open File window.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Open the
<literal>/usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav</literal> file. This file is
designed for testing audio equipment.</para></step>
<step><para>Play the file as many times as you need. Adjust the volume
of your audio interface and speakers while the file is playing.</para></step>
<step><para>If you cannot hear sound when the file is played, check that
your audio interface and speakers are correctly connected and powered
on.</para></step>
<step><para>If you still cannot hear sound when the file is played, see
the !!L!!"Configuring Audacity to Use Your Hardware"
section!!L!!.</para></step>
@@ -85,16 +85,16 @@
<procedure>
<step><para>Connect your microphones to your audio
interface.</para></step>
<step><para>Start Audacity. Do not open a
file.</para></step>
- <step><para>Locate the volume level meters on the toolbar, to the right
of the transport controls. If you do not see the meters, you can show them by clicking
'View > Toolbars > Meter Toolbar', which should have a check mark next to
it.</para></step>
- <step><para>Click the small, down-pointing arrow next to the microphone
icon on the level meters. Then click "Start
Monitoring".</para></step>
+ <step><para>Locate the volume level meters on the toolbar, to the right
of the transport controls. If you do not see the meters, choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guisubmenu>Toolbars</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Meter
Toolbar</guimenuitem></menuchoice>, which should have a check mark next to
it.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click on the arrow next to the microphone to open the input
meter's pop-up menu. Choose <menuchoice><guimenuitem>Start
Monitoring</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
<step><para>Sing, talk, or make noise into the microphone. The volume
level meter should show moving red bars.</para></step>
<step><para>Adjust the volume of the recording inputs on your audio
interface. When there is no noise, the moving red bars should be very
small.</para></step>
<step><para>If you do not see moving red bars in the volume level meter,
check that your audio interface and microphone are correctly connected and powered on. If
your equipment was not properly connected, adjust the volume of the recording inputs on
your audio interface now.</para></step>
<step><para>If you still do not see moving red bars, see the
!!L!!"Configuring Audacity to Use Your Hardware"
section!!L!!.</para></step>
- <step><para>Press the "Record" button to start a test
recording. Sing, talk, or make noise into the microphone.</para></step>
- <step><para>After a few seconds, press the "Stop" button to
stop the test recording.</para></step>
- <step><para>Press the "Play" button to hear the recorded
audio.</para></step>
- <step><para>If the recording sounds bad, you might need to reconfigure
Audacity. See the !!L!!"Configuring Audacity to Use Your Hardware"
section!!L!!.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click the <guibutton>Record</guibutton> button to
start a test recording. Sing, talk, or make noise into the
microphone.</para></step>
+ <step><para>After a few seconds, click the
<guibutton>Stop</guibutton> button to stop the test
recording.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click the <guibutton>Play</guibutton> button to
hear the recorded audio.</para></step>
+ <step><para>If the recording sounds bad, you configure Audacity manually.
See the !!L!!"Configuring Audacity to Use Your Hardware"
section!!L!!.</para></step>
</procedure>
</section>
@@ -123,71 +123,122 @@
<procedure>
<step><para>You need to know the Linux name of your sound
card.</para>
<substeps>
- <step><para>Open a terminal. In GNOME, click on 'Applications >
System > Terminal'. In KDE, click on the application launcher, then 'System
> Konsole'.</para></step>
- <step><para>Execute this command: "cat
/proc/asound/cards".</para></step>
+ <step><para>Open a terminal. In GNOME, choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu>
<guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. In KDE, open the
application launcher, then choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Konsole</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Run this command: <command>cat
/proc/asound/cards</command>.</para></step>
<step><para>The <code>cat</code> program outputs a list of
sound cards in your computer, which looks similar to this list:
-[pre]
-0 [SB ]: HDA-Intel - HDA ATI SB
+<literallayout>0 [SB ]: HDA-Intel - HDA ATI SB
HDA ATI SB at 0xf7ff4000 irq 16
1 [MobilePre ]: USB-Audio - MobilePre
- M Audio MobilePre at usb-0000:00:13.0-2
-[/pre]
- In this example output, the square brackets surround the name of the sound card.
The names of the sound cards in this example output are <code>SB</code> and
<code>MobilePre</code>.</para></step>
+ M Audio MobilePre at usb-0000:00:13.0-2</literallayout>
+ In this example output, the square brackets surround the name of the sound card.
The names of the sound cards in this example output are <literal>SB</literal>
and <literal>MobilePre</literal>.</para></step>
<step><para>Identify the name of the sound card that you want to use.
If you do not see your sound card in the list outputted by <code>cat</code>,
then your Fedora does not detect it. You should also remember the number of the sound
card, which is printed to the left of the name. You can use two different sound cards for
recording and playback.</para></step>
</substeps>
</step>
<step><para>Start Audacity.</para></step>
- <step><para>Open the "Preferences" window by clicking 'File
> Preferences'.</para></step>
- <step><para>Set the "Host" to
"ALSA".</para></step>
- <step><para>Set the recording and playback devices to the name of the
sound card that you want to use. If there are many choices for your sound card, choose
the one that ends with <code>(hw:0)</code>, where <code>0</code>
is replaced by the number of the sound card that you want to
use.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Open the "Preferences" window. Choose
<guimenu>File</guimenu> >
<guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Set the "Host" to
<literal>ALSA</literal>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Set the recording and playback devices to the name of the
sound card that you want to use. If there are many choices for your sound card, choose
the one that ends with <literal>(hw:0)</literal>, where
<literal>0</literal> is replaced by the number of the sound card that you want
to use.</para></step>
<step><para>Follow the post-installation test procedures to confirm that
the configuration is correct.</para></step>
</procedure>
<para>
- You will see many choices in the list of playback and recording devices. When
configured with the <code>default</code> device, Audacity lets ALSA determine
which sound card to use. When configured with the <code>pulse</code> device,
Audacity lets PulseAudio determine which sound card to use. Audacity works most
efficiently when configured with a specific sound card, so you should not use the
<code>default</code> or <code>pulse</code> devices unless the
other choices do not work.
+ You will see many choices in the list of playback and recording devices. When
configured with the <code>default</code> device, Audacity lets ALSA determine
which sound card to use. When configured with the <literal>pulse</literal>
device, Audacity lets PulseAudio determine which sound card to use. Audacity works most
efficiently when configured with a specific sound card, so you should not use the
<literal>default</literal> or <literal>pulse</literal> devices
unless the other choices do not work.
</para>
</section>
<section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Setting_Sample_Rate_and_Format">
<title>Setting the Project's Sample Rate and Format</title>
<para>
- The related concepts of ''sample rate,'' and ''bit
rate,'' are explained IN THIS CHAPTER (Sound Cards). Audacity refers to
''Bit Rate'' as ''Sample Format.''
- </para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>After starting Audacity, select ''File >
Preferences'' to open the ''Preferences''
menu.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Quality'' from the left
tab-list.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select the settings that you wish to use.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>CDs hold audio with a sample rate of
44 100 Hz, and a sample format of 16 bits. This is sufficient for most
uses.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Setting 96 000 Hz and 24 bits should
be enough for almost any use.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You should not provide settings that are greater than
your audio interface can provide. It is probably not dangerous to do so, but it may
decrease sound quality. If nothing else, it will use extra space on your hard drive, with
no added audio quality.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ You can change the sample rate and sample format (see !!L!!here!!L!! for
definitions). You should set the sample rate and sample format when you begin working on
a project. You should not change the sample rate or sample format after you record audio.
If you will use audio files that already exist, you should use the sample rate and sample
format of the existing files.
</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to open the
"Preferences" window.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Quality</guibutton> in the list
on the left of the window.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Change the settings as you need. We recommend a sample rate
of 44 100 Hz and a sample format of 16 bits for most
projects.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
</section>
-
</section>
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Interface">
<title>The Interface</title>
+ <!-- [[File:FMG-Audacity-Interface.xcf]] -->
+ <para>
+ !!P!! [[File:FMG-Audacity-Interface.png]] !!P!!
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Refer to !!F!! example !!F!! as you read about the user interface of Audacity.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>The "transport controls" play, stop, or pause
playback of audio. The buttons to record and move quickly through a file are also located
here.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The "tool-selection box" changes the
cursor's function.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The two "volume level meters" display the volume
level of stereo audio. The left meter displays the volume level of the output signal.
The right meter displays the volume level of the input
signal.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The "ruler" displays the time since the start of
the file, in minutes and seconds.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The "timeline" is the main area of the main
window of Audacity. The leftmost point is the beginning of the audio
file.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Each "track" contains two channels of audio
signal data. Audacity stacks tracks vertically in the main window. Audacity plays back
all tracks simultaneously.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Each track has a "track info area," which holds
settings like the fader, panner, and <guibutton>mute</guibutton> and
<guibutton>solo</guibutton> buttons.</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
<para>
- This tutorial could use a picture of the interface, with an explanation of what the
buttons do. Now that I've written the "DAW" chapter about the interface, I
wonder if it wouldn't be just as useful to "hijack" that section. I
don't think the differences would be alarming, and it would be a good way to save time
- we'll see.
+ The !!L!! DAW chapter !!L!! contains more information about the Audacity user
interface. That chapter defines the purpose and use of many user interface components.
</para>
</section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial">
- <title>Creating a New Login Sound (Tutorial)</title>
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Recording">
+ <title>Recording</title>
<para>
- To follow this portion of the tutorial, it is strongly recommended that you download
the Audacity working-file, and begin doing the actions described, as instructed in the
tutorial.
+ This section explains possible ways to use Audacity to record.
</para>
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Recording-Start_to_Record">
+ <title>Start to Record</title>
+ <para>
+ This procedure can be used whether you want to record from microphones or from
another application on your computer.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Prepare your computer to record. Connect the microphones you
want to use, and test them. See !!L!! here !!L!! for instructions to test your
equipment.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Check the sample rate and sample format. See !!L!! this
section !!L!! for instructions to change the sample rate and sample
format.</para></step>
+ <step><para>The <guibutton>Record</guibutton> button shows a
red circle. When you are ready to record, click the
<guibutton>Record</guibutton> button.</para></step>
+ <step><para>The <guibutton>Stop</guibutton> button shows an
orange square. Click the <guibutton>Stop</guibutton> button to stop the
recorder.</para></step>
+ <step><para>* Audacity displays the recorded audio in the timeline of a
track, as a blue, sound-wave-like shape that represents the volume level. Audacity
sometimes displays the blue shape immediately, and sometimes only after you click
<guibutton>Stop</guibutton>. When Audacity does not show the blue shape
immediately, it does not have enough processor power, and decides to process the audio
instead of the blue shape.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ </section>
+ <section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Recording-Continuing_to_Record">
+ <title>Continue to Record</title>
+ <para>
+ You can record more audio after the first recording in one of these ways:
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>You can continue to record from the end of the
already-recorded audio.</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Press
<keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap></keycombo> then click
<guibutton>Record</guibutton>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Audacity starts to record from the end of the
already-recorded audio. The new audio is put in the previously-selected
track.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>You can record new audio that will play at the same time
as the already-recorded audio.</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Transport</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Skip to
Start</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or press
<keycombo><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo> to move the transport
head to the start of the file.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click
<guibutton>Record</guibutton>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Audacity starts to record from the beginning. The new
audio is put in a new track, and does not erase existing audio.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>You can record new audio that will play at the same time
as the already-recorded audio, but start after the beginning.</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Find the timeline position when you want to record new
audio. Click on an existing track at that time.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click
<guibutton>Record</guibutton>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Audacity starts to record from the position of the
transport head. The new audio is put in a new track, and does not erase existing
audio.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial">
+ <title>Creating a New Login Sound (Tutorial)</title>
+
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Files">
<title>Files for the Tutorial</title>
<para>
- The following files will be useful, if you choose to follow along with the tutorial.
Only the ''Starting State'' file is necessary; the other two are provided
as possible completed forms.
+ Use the <literal>Tutorial Start</literal> file if you want to do the
tutorial. The <literal>Tutorial Finish</literal> file and
<literal>Exported FLAC</literal> file are completed examples. When you finish
the tutorial, your project will probably not be the same as ours.
<itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>[[File:FMG-audacity_start.tar.lzma|Tutorial Starting
State]]</para></listitem> <!-- (audacity-1) -->
- <listitem><para>[[File:FMG-audacity_end.tar.lzma|Tutorial Finishing
State]]</para></listitem> <!-- (audacity-6) -->
+ <listitem><para>[[File:FMG-audacity_start.tar.lzma|Tutorial
Start]]</para></listitem> <!-- (audacity-1) -->
+ <listitem><para>[[File:FMG-audacity_end.tar.lzma|Tutorial
Finish]]</para></listitem> <!-- (audacity-6) -->
<listitem><para>[[File:FMG-audacity_final.flac|Exported
FLAC]]</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
@@ -200,222 +251,197 @@
* "audacity-5.aup" has a part echoed
* "audacity-6.aup" is phased -->
</section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Scenrario">
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Scenario">
<title>Scenario</title>
<para>
- You were telling a friend about Fedora Linux's open-source audio programs, and
you mentioned that Audacity makes it easy to create and edit audio files. The friend
reminds you of their long-standing desire to create a new sound to be played whenever they
log in to their computer, and suggests that Audacity can be used to make just a sound.
You decide to work on it together.
- </para>
- </section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Inspiration">
- <title>Inspiration</title>
- <para>
- You choose a starting-point for your new login sound. After thinking about it for a
while, you decide to record some clips from a CD that you own, and mix them together.
- </para>
- </section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Starting_Out">
- <title>Starting Out</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Make sure that your system is set up to record (with
hardware and sample/bit rates properly selected).</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You can use the level meter to monitor the input level.
Before recording, you should test the input level, adjusting the audio interface as
required.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>To begin the recording, hit the circular red
''Record'' button.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>When you have finished recording, hit the square orange
''Stop'' button.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>After recording a portion of audio, it should show up in
the main portion of the window, with a blue, sound-wave-like shape representing the volume
level of the recording.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Continuing_to_Record">
- <title>Continuing to Record</title>
- <para>
- There are three main ways to record something additional:
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>You want to continue recording from the end of the
already-recorded material.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>Hold the '''[Shift]''' key as
you click ''Record'' </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Audacity will continue recording in the last-selected
track, from the end of all already-recorded audio.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You want to record something new to go along with what
you already have, starting at the beginning.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>Move the transport to the start: press
'''[Home]''' on the keyboard or select ''Transport >
Skip to Start.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>The transport is the vertical line, which represents the
place where Audacity will begin playback or recording if the ''Play'' or
''Record'' buttons are pressed.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>When you click ''Record'', Audacity will
record onto a new track, and not erase what you have already
recorded.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You want to record something new to go along with what
you already have, starting somewhere else.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>Locate the place from where you want to continue
recording.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Use the cursor to left-click on that place in an
already-recorded segment.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>When you click ''Record'', Audacity will
record onto a new track, and not erase what you have already
recorded.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ You tell a friend about some open-source audio applications in Fedora Linux. Your
friend wants you to help them make a new sound that will play when they log in to their
computer. You search your music CD collection, and find a favourite recording. You and
your friend decide to use a few clips from the CD to start your new log-in sound.
</para>
</section>
+
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Aligning_Tracks">
- <title>Aligning Tracks</title>
+ <title>Align Tracks</title>
<!-- Audacity-1 -->
<para>
- At this point in the tutorial, you can begin to follow along by modifying the
Audacity working-file.
+ You adjust the starting time of the segments.
</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click the <guibutton>Time Shift</guibutton>
button in the tool-selection toolbar.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Select the track with the segment you want to move. Drag the
segment to the left or right to change the time when it starts to
play.</para></step>
+ <step><para>You can align the start of one segment with end of another
segment. Drag the segment so that the beginning is near the end of the other segment.
Drag the track back and forth slowly so a yellow line appears. The yellow line means that
there is no silence between the segments, and that the segments do not
overlap.</para></step>
+ <step><para>You can move a segment to start at the selection cursor.
Click the <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton> button, then click on the
track where you want the segment to start to play. Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Tracks</guimenu> <guisubmenu>Align
Tracks</guisubmenu> <guimenuitem>Align with
Cursor</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to move the
track.</para></step>
+ <step><para>You can move tracks in other ways by using the
<menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu> <guisubmenu>Align
Tracks</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu choices.</para></step>
+ <step><para>You can select multiple tracks at the same time. Press
<keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap></keycombo> while you click on
each track.</para></step>
+ <step><para>You should listen to each adjustment to confirm that it is
correct. Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton> in the tool-selection
toolbar, then click on a track where you want to begin to listen. Press
<guibutton>Play</guibutton> to hear the audio.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
<para>
- If you accidentally record something at the wrong time, or if you change your mind
about when a track should be playing, you can easily move it.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select the ''time shift tool'' from the
toolbar.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Click on the track you want to move, then slide it left
or right to adjust it as desired.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>To align the start of one segment to the end of another,
drag the later track so that its start is near the end of the earlier one; move it slowly
around that area until a yellow line appears, showing that the segments are
aligned.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>To align a segment so that it begins at an arbitrary
point, use the ''selection tool'' to move the transport to that point.
Then, from the menu select ''Tracks > Align Tracks > Align with
Cursor.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>There are other alignment options in the
''Tracks > Align Tracks'' menu, and they apply only to the
currently-selected tracks. To select multiple tracks, click on the portion of the track
at the left, which has information about it. Then, hold down
'''[Shift]''' on your keyboard, and select the
others.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select the selection tool from the toolbar.
</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Click to place the transport just before the splice, then
press ''Play'' to hear it. Adjust again if
necessary.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ We aligned the tracks so that they sound nice to us. We tried to make the sound
short, and interesting but not confusing. We changed the positions of the tracks many
times after this step.
</para>
</section>
+
<section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Stretching_Tracks">
<title>Stretching Tracks</title>
<!-- Audacity-2 -->
<para>
- You can stretch or compress tracks, so that they take up more or less time. There
are two tools which do this:
+ You can stretch or compress tracks, so that they take up more or less time.
<itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>The ''Change Tempo'' tool, which adjusts
speed but not pitch. This degrades sound quality quite a
bit.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>The ''Change Speed'' tool, which adjusts
both speed and pitch. This does not degrade sound quality as
much.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The "Change Tempo" tool adjusts speed but not
pitch. Sound quality is lowered significantly.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The "Change Speed" tool adjusts speed and
pitch. Sound quality is less affected.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click on the track info portion of the track that you want to
adjust.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Change
Tempo</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Change
Speed</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. If you input a positive number, the speed
increases and the audio takes less time. If you input a negative number, the speed
decreases and the audio takes more time.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Preview</guibutton> to hear some
of the audio with the adjusted speed. Audacity does not change the audio when you preview
the change.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to apply the
change. Audacity processes the audio. Your change does not appear
immediately.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
<para>
- To stretch or compress a track,
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select that track by clicking on the portion at the left,
which has information about that track.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Effect > Change Tempo'' or
''Effect > Change Speed''.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Use the window to adjust the degree of
stretching/compression:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>Positive values increase speed and compress the
audio.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Negative values decrease speed and stretch the
audio.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You can use the ''Preview'' button to get
an idea of the speed change that will happen with your selected
settings.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>After clicking ''OK'', it may take a few
seconds for Audacity to process and apply the changes you
requested.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ We changed the speed of one of our tracks. We are not concerned about the sound
quality, because this is a start-up sound for us. When you edit audio to which other
people will listen, you should be careful to preserve the sound quality.
</para>
</section>
- <section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Adjusting_Volume_and_Removing_Noise">
- <title>Adjusting a Track's Volume, and Removing Noise</title>
+
+ <section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Adjust_Volume_Level">
+ <title>Adjust the Volume Level</title>
<!-- Audacity-3 -->
<para>
- If you want to make a track louder or quieter, you can adjust the volume of
individual tracks, or portions of tracks.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>The bottom-most track in the tutorial file is hardly
audible. You press the ''solo'' button on that track to hear it alone,
and realize that it's mostly very quiet humming.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You use the ''selection tool'' to select
part of the track.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Effect > Amplify'', which is
a tool that, in effect, adjusts the volume level of an audio segment. If you enable
clipping, then you will be able to adjust the level much higher than if you don't.
However, you may lose part of the audio signal, and the sound quality may deteriorate.
You may have to experiment to find an acceptable balance.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>This track still has a lot of ''noise,''
which was created by the recording tools, rather than what was supposed to be recorded.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select about a second of audio, which is going to serve
as a the model of ''noise'' that should be removed. Ideally this portion
of audio will contain only noise, and no signal that you wish to
save.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Effect > Noise Removal'' to
open the ''Noise Removal'' tool. </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>In the ''Noise Removal'' window, click
''Get Profile'', so that the tool will take the selected portion of
audio.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Now select the whole track, which is the portion of
audio from which you wish to remove the
''noise.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Return to the ''Noise Removal''
tool's window, and select ''OK''.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Now you realize that the end of the upper-most track is
too loud, so it interferes with the other.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select the last two seconds of that
track.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Effect > Fade Out'' to use
the ''Fade Out'' tool.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You think that the third track's entrance is too
quiet, so you select the first portion, then 'Effect > Fade In'
(huh?)</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>there's a bit of noise in the fourth track at about
13:00 that you want to bring out, so you amplify it
(double-huh?)</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ You can adjust the volume level of tracks by adjusting the fader in the track info
box. The fader is a horizontal line with a <literal>-</literal> sign on the
left and a <literal>+</literal> sign on the right. The fader does not change
the audio signal itself.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ You can also adjust the volume level of a portion of audio, which does modify the
audio signal itself. Follow these instructions to adjust the volume level of a portion of
audio.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>The tutorial's lowest track is very quiet. Click the
track's <guibutton>solo</guibutton> button, then listen to the track
alone. Most of the track is quiet humming.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton>, then
hold down the mouse button to select some audio in one track.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Amplify</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. When the
"Amplify" window opens, it is set for the greatest volume level increase that
will not decrease sound quality. You can enable "clipping," which allows you to
increase the volume level even more, but will decrease the sound
quality.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Use the Amplify tool to adjust the volume level as you
wish.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Remove_Noise">
+ <title>Remove Noise</title>
+ <para>
+ "Noise" is part of an audio signal that is not the intended signal. When
you listen to music on the radio, you can hear the music, and usually also some noise.
When computers record or play audio, the electronic components sometimes create extra
noise. The lowest track of the tutorial file has noise created by electronic components
in the old notebook computer used to play the CD. Follow these steps to use the
"Noise Removal" tool.
</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton>, then
select a small portion of the lowest track.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Noise
Removal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The "Noise Removal" window
appears. Click <guibutton>Get Profile</guibutton>. The Noise Removal tool
uses the selected audio as an example of the noise to remove.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Select the whole track.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Open the "Noise Removal" window. Click
<guibutton>OK</guibutton>. The Noise Removal tool processes the audio. The
Noise Removal tool is not effective in this example because most of the signal is
noise.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
</section>
+
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Fade_Out">
+ <title>Fade In or Out</title>
+ <para>
+ Audacity has tools to fade in and out. When you "fade in," it means to
gradually increase the volume level from silence to the original level. When you
"fade out," it means to gradually decreased the volume level from the original
level to silence. Professional recordings of concerts often fade out after a song, while
the audience applauds. Fading out avoids an abrupt stop at the end of the recording,
because the volume level is decreased gradually to silence.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ You generally fade in at the beginning of an audio segment, and fade out at the end
of an audio segment. You can use Audacity to create special effects if you fade in or
fade out in the middle of an audio segment. You can make a surprising effect by setting
Audacity to fade in or out over a few second, then adding the opposite fade inside the
first fade.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton>, then
select a portion of audio to fade in or out.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Fade
In</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Fade
Out</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ <para>
+ We created a long fade out in one of our tracks, so that the track is quieter. We
then adjusted the spacing of the other tracks, moving them closer.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Removing_Audio">
- <title>Removing a Portion of Audio</title>
+ <title>Remove Some Audio</title>
<!-- Audacity-4 -->
<para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>The fourth track, after the noise-bump that we just
amplified, is just noise. We don't need it, and it sounds strange, so let's take
it out.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Place the transport at the start of the segment that you
wish to remove, by left-clicking in the existing audio
track.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Edit > Select > Cursor to Track
End,'' which will select the portion of audio in the currently-selected track
between the transport and the end of the track. There are many other options for
selecting audio available in that menu.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>On your keyboard, press
'''[Delete]'''.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ You can remove portions of a track. This procedure removes audio at the end of a
track. You can use a similar method to remove audio in other ways.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton>, then
place the editing cursor at the point where you want the track to
end.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Select</guisubmenu> <guimenuitem>Cursor to Track
End</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. There are many other choices in the
<menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Select</guisubmenu></menuchoice>
menu.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Press
<keycombo><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>. The selected audio
is deleted.</para></step>
+ <step><para>If you make a mistake, you can undo the previous action.
Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Undo</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ <para>
+ We removed the end of the lowest track.
</para>
</section>
+
<section
id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Repeating_a_Segment">
- <title>Repeating an Already-Recorded Segment</title>
+ <title>Repeat an Already-Recorded Segment</title>
<!-- Audacity-5 -->
<para>
- While you like the beginning of the sound, the end doesn't seem
''busy'' enough. You decide to repeat a portion of the second track, to
make it seem as though it "just won't leave."
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Use the cursor to select the last second of the second
track from the top, then select ''Edit >
Copy.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Place the transport arbitrarily, later in the track, and
select ''Edit > Paste'' from the menu. Repeat this, so there are two
copies.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select the ''Time Shift tool'' from the
toolbar, and adjust the time of the two copied segments as
desired.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You might also wish to adjust the volume of a segment,
depending on whether it sounds too loud for you.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ You can repeat a segment of audio that is already recorded.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Selection Tool</guibutton>, then
select a portion of audio.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Copy</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or press
<keycombo><keycap>Control</keycap>
<keycap>c</keycap></keycombo>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click in a track near where you want the copy to start
playing.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Paste</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or press
<keycombo><keycap>Control</keycap>
<keycap>v</keycap></keycombo>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Click <guibutton>Time Shift Tool</guibutton>,
then adjust the timeline position of the new audio clip.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
+ <para>
+ We repeated the end of a segment twice, to make the end of the startup sound more
interesting.
</para>
</section>
+
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Using_the_Phaser">
- <title>Add a Silly Effect: Using the Phaser</title>
+ <title>Add a Special Effect (the Phaser)</title>
<!-- Audacity-6 -->
<para>
- The third track ends after the other tracks. Audacity has a wide variety of effects
plugins, and you decide to experiment with one called "Phaser." The phaser
adjusts reverberation, panning, and frequency to create a spinning-like sound.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select the portion of the third track which begins after
the last occurrence of the second track, and goes to the end. There are a few different
ways to do this.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''Effect > Phaser'' and
experiment with the settings. Use the ''Preview'' button to sample the
outcome of your currently selected settings.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>You can use whatever settings seem appropriate. The
tutorial file uses these settings:
- [pre]Stages: 2
- Dry/Wet: 128
- LFO Frequency: 0.4
- LFO Start Phase: 0
- Depth: 128
- Feedback: 90[/pre]</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ Audacity has many effect plugins, and you can add more. The Phaser adjusts
reverberation, panning, and frequency to create a spinning-like sound.
</para>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Select a portion of any track when only one track is
playing.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose
<menuchoice><guimenu>Effect</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Phaser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>, then experiment with the
settings. Click <guibutton>Preview</guibutton> to hear the effect of your
settings. Audacity does not modify the audio file when you preview your
settings.</para></step>
+ <step><para>The tutorial uses the phaser at the end, with these
settings:
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Stages: 2</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Dry/Wet: 128</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>LFO Frequency: 0.4</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>LFO Start Phase: 0</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Depth: 128</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Feedback: 90</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para></step>
+ </procedure>
</section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Further_Comments">
- <title>Further Comments</title>
+
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Tutorial-Conclusion">
+ <title>Conclusion</title>
<para>
- If you followed along with the Audacity working-file, the chances are that your
result is different from the completed model available above. There are a few reasons for
this:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>The tutorial's instructions are intentionally vague.
This allows you to easily see how they apply to different
uses.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>The tutorial's instructions allow room for creative
experimentation. This allows you to create a different result from the same starting
material, by harnessing your own creative power.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>While the model completion was being created, some extra
steps were used to modify the sound. While the result was reached with all of the same
tools and techniques described in the tutorial, they were used many more times than the
tutorial explains. In particular, the tracks were time-shifted between most
steps.</para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ Your startup file sounds different than the one that we completed. The tutorial
instructions are intentionally vague. You used your own creativity to complete the
tutorial. You also learned how to use these tools for many different purposes.
</para>
</section>
</section>
- <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Saving_and_Exporting">
- <title>Saving and Exporting</title>
+ <section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Save_and_Export">
+ <title>Save and Export</title>
<para>
- When you save a file in Audacity with the ''Save'' or ''Save
As'' commands, it is saved in an Audacity-only format. This is good, because it
allows Audacity to save extra information about the audio, which is impossible to store in
conventional formats like ''OGG'', ''FLAC'', or even
''AIFF'' and ''WAV.''
+ Audacity saves its data in a format that only Audacity can use. Audacity saves more
information than just the audio files, and this information cannot be stored in
conventional audio files like OGG, FLAC, or AIFF.
</para>
<para>
- If you want to share your audio work, or use it with another application, you will
need to ''export'' it. This means that all of your tracks will be reduced
to one track, and all of your channels will be reduced to stereo audio (with two
channels). When you export, Audacity may warn you that your audio is being mixed into two
channels. This will only affect the exported audio file, not the Audacity-format file.
+ When you want to share your work, or use it in another application, you must export
it. When you "export" audio, Audacity converts the Audacity-only file into a
conventional audio file. Audacity does not delete the original Audacity-only file, but
the exported file cannot be converted into the Audacity-only format.
</para>
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Exporting_Part_of_a_File">
- <title>Exporting Part of a File</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Use any means to select a portion of audio. You can
click-and-drag with the cursor, or place the transport and select ''Edit >
Select,'' or use another means.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Select ''File > Export
Selection.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para># Use the ''Export File'' window to
choose the format of your exported audio, and to configure advanced options of the format.
Not all formats have advanced options.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>After clicking ''Save'' in the
''Export File'' window, some formats will provide a window where you can
configure ''metadata'' about the file. ''Metadata'' is
information about information - in this case, it describes qualities about the audio in
the exported file, like Artist, Title, Genre, and so on. You can leave the fields blank,
or complete as many as you prefer.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
+ <title>Export Part of a File</title>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Select the portion of audio that you want to
export.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Export
Selection</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Select the format, filename, and directory of the audio that
will be exported. Click <guibutton>Save</guibutton> when you are
finished.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Depending on which format you choose, the
"Metadata" window appears. You can input this information if you
wish.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Audacity processes the audio to export. This may take some
time, depending on the audio.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
</section>
+
<section id="sect-Musicians_Guide-Audacity-Exporting_a_Whole_File">
- <title>Exporting a Whole File</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>Select ''File >
Export.''</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>Use the ''Export File'' window to choose
the format of your exported audio, and to configure advanced options of the format. Not
all formats have advanced options.</para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>After clicking ''Save'' in the
''Export File'' window, some formats will provide a window where you can
configure ''metadata'' about the file. ''Metadata'' is
information about information - in this case, it describes qualities about the audio in
the exported file, like Artist, Title, Genre, and so on. You can leave the fields blank
or complete as many as you prefer.</para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
+ <title>Export a Whole File</title>
+ <procedure>
+ <step><para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Export</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Select the format, filename, and directory of the audio that
will be exported. Click <guibutton>Save</guibutton> when you are
finished.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Depending on which format you choose, the
"Metadata" window appears. You can input this information if you
wish.</para></step>
+ <step><para>Audacity processes the audio to export. This may take some
time, depending on the audio.</para></step>
+ </procedure>
</section>
+
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/en-US/Revision_History.xml b/en-US/Revision_History.xml
index 0126bef..6923da0 100644
--- a/en-US/Revision_History.xml
+++ b/en-US/Revision_History.xml
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
</author>
<revdescription>
<simplelist>
- <member></member>
+ <member>Significantly revised Audacity chapter.</member>
+ <member>Updated JACK installation slightly.</member>
</simplelist>
</revdescription>
</revision>